The words "DNA testing" are most commonly
associated with DNA paternity testing. We hear the term most often on
television talk shows or perhaps in television courtrooms.
Paternity
means fatherhood. Paternity is established when a paternity testing
laboratory uses genetic testing methods to demonstrate that an alleged
father is the biological father of a child. These DNA paternity tests
are performed to a legal standard. Paternity is disproved when these
same methods and standards demonstrate that an alleged father is not the
biological father.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic
material in the cells of your body that govern inheritance of the color
of your hair, eye color, your build, bone density and many other human
and animal traits. DNA is a long, but narrow string-like object. A
one-foot long string or strand of DNA is normally packed into a space
roughly equal to a cube 1-millionth of an inch on a side. Not only does
the human body rely on DNA but also so do most living things, including
plants, animals and bacteria.
Every nucleated cell has 46
chromosomes, except the sperm cells from the man and the egg of the
woman that only contain 23 chromosomes each. At the moment of
conception, there are 46 chromosomes necessary to create a person. Thus,
a person receives half of his/her genetic material or DNA from the
biological mother, and the other half from the biological father.
Our
body's cells each contain a complete sample of our DNA. There are
muscle cells, brain cells, liver cells, blood cells, sperm cells and
others. Basically, every part of the body is made up of these tiny
cells and each contains a sample or complement of DNA identical to that
of every other cell within a given person.
Every person's DNA is
unique except for identical twins. Since it is so specific, just like a
fingerprint, DNA paternity testing is the most powerful form of
testing. DNA paternity testing is much more than a blood test. It can
be performed on a much wider variety of samples, including blood cells,
cheek cells, tissue samples, and semen. Since blood types, such as A,
B, O, and Rh are more common within the general population; the power to
differentiate individuals is not as high as with DNA paternity testing.
Typical DNA test results are often 10 to 100 times more accurate than
what the courts require.
Years ago, DNA testing required
laboratory presence; however, there are now numerous types of home DNA
tests available for use. These DNA test kits are available by direct
shopping, mail order or online. The cost for these home DNA tests
varies, depending on your specific desires. With a little research, you
can even find a free DNA test. Most home DNA test kits are basically
the same and are easy to use. For example, a basic, easy to use DNA
paternity test kit may cost approximately $200.00. This low-cost DNA
test kit is often used for proving paternity to a doubting father or for
people who are simply looking for confirmation and peace of mind.
For
approximately $225.00, a DNA test providing over 10 times more accuracy
than the basic DNA test kit is available. Those with serious doubts
concerning paternity and who want a higher accuracy rate than the basic
DNA test kit commonly use this kit. Again, popular for those people who
want that extra accuracy rating for peace of mind.
For those who
simply have to have the best and are willing to pay for it, there is a
higher accuracy rate DNA test kit available. This enables the parties
to obtain an impressive accuracy rate that is offered by very few labs
in the world. Keep in mind that DNA testing in itself is 99.999%
accurate. The increased costs reflect the laboratory and higher
accuracy rate of the type of test.
Another home DNA test will include testing for the mother,
alleged father, and child. This will cost around $300.00. The mother
does not have to be tested but is recommended if she is available (the
price is the same). DNA paternity testing is so powerful that testing
can be performed when the mother is not available.
Along with DNA
paternity testing, a common use is the legal DNA test, i.e. to assist
in matters of changing birth records, immigration issues, and
inheritance issues. The average cost of this legal DNA test may cost
approximately $400.00. The price structure of these kits depends on how
many people are being tested. For example, mother, father and number
of children. The cost to test each additional child can be anywhere
from $150.00 to $175.00 per test.
Each DNA test kit listed above
uses almost the exact same technique. Tests with higher accuracy
involve testing more regions (parts) of each persons DNA. This extra
work provides more information, and more accuracy – thus a higher,
impressive accuracy rating.
With the home DNA test kit, it is
recommended that samples be taken and sent to the lab within two weeks
of each other (for best results). Samples have been tested up to 1 year
old with positive results.
There are no age restrictions with
DNA paternity testing. It used to be common procedure that only people
over the age of 6 months could be tested. This was mainly due to the
difficulty of drawing blood from small infants. In addition, a large
sample, usually two big tubes of blood, was required. This would be very
difficult on a small child. This is no longer the case. In fact, for
paternity and custody issues, DNA testing can be done using buccal
(cheek) swabs or umbilical cord blood collected at birth can be used and
does allow for rapid and reliable testing regardless of age. Since the
DNA is the same in every cell of the body, the accuracy of testing
performed on cheek cells collected with a swab is the same as using the
blood. The sample is collected by using a buccal swab and gently
massaging the inside of the mouth. DNA can be extracted from this
sample. This procedure is non-invasive and painless. This is the method
used by the home DNA test kit.
However, DNA paternity testing
only requires a few drops of blood (1/4 to 1/2 a teaspoon), or cheek
cells collected by swabbing the mouth. This small amount of blood, or
cheek swab, permits the easier testing of newborns and infants. Being
that DNA is set at conception, a paternity test can be performed before
the child is born, through Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS) or
Amniocentesis.
DNA Paternity testing can also be performed using
post-mortem specimens collected by the coroner's office. A paternity
test can be done when that person is deceased or missing by
reconstructing his/her DNA patterns with samples from the deceased's
biological relatives.
A DNA paternity test is the most accurate
form of paternity testing possible. If the DNA patterns between the
child and the alleged father do not match on two or more DNA probes,
then that alleged father is 100% excluded which means he has a 0%
probability of paternity – it is not possible that he can be the
biological father of the child.