The words "DNA testing" are most commonly 
associated with DNA paternity testing.  We hear the term most often on 
television talk shows or perhaps in television courtrooms.
Paternity
 means fatherhood. Paternity is established when a paternity testing 
laboratory uses genetic testing methods to demonstrate that an alleged 
father is the biological father of a child.  These DNA paternity tests 
are performed to a legal standard.  Paternity is disproved when these 
same methods and standards demonstrate that an alleged father is not the
 biological father.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic 
material in the cells of your body that govern inheritance of the color 
of your hair, eye color, your build, bone density and many other human 
and animal traits.  DNA is a long, but narrow string-like object.  A 
one-foot long string or strand of DNA is normally packed into a space 
roughly equal to a cube 1-millionth of an inch on a side.  Not only does
 the human body rely on DNA but also so do most living things, including
 plants, animals and bacteria.
Every nucleated cell has 46 
chromosomes, except the sperm cells from the man and the egg of the 
woman that only contain 23 chromosomes each.  At the moment of 
conception, there are 46 chromosomes necessary to create a person. Thus,
 a person receives half of his/her genetic material or DNA from the 
biological mother, and the other half from the biological father.
Our
 body's cells each contain a complete sample of our DNA.  There are 
muscle cells, brain cells, liver cells, blood cells, sperm cells and 
others.  Basically, every part of the body is made up of these tiny 
cells and each contains a sample or complement of DNA identical to that 
of every other cell within a given person.
Every person's DNA is 
unique except for identical twins.  Since it is so specific, just like a
 fingerprint, DNA paternity testing is the most powerful form of 
testing.  DNA paternity testing is much more than a blood test.  It can 
be performed on a much wider variety of samples, including blood cells, 
cheek cells, tissue samples, and semen.  Since blood types, such as A, 
B, O, and Rh are more common within the general population; the power to
 differentiate individuals is not as high as with DNA paternity testing.
  Typical DNA test results are often 10 to 100 times more accurate than 
what the courts require.
Years ago, DNA testing required 
laboratory presence; however, there are now numerous types of home DNA 
tests available for use.  These DNA test kits are available by direct 
shopping, mail order or online.  The cost for these home DNA tests 
varies, depending on your specific desires.  With a little research, you
 can even find a free DNA test.  Most home DNA test kits are basically 
the same and are easy to use.  For example, a basic, easy to use DNA 
paternity test kit may cost approximately $200.00.  This low-cost DNA 
test kit is often used for proving paternity to a doubting father or for
 people who are simply looking for confirmation and peace of mind.
For
 approximately $225.00, a DNA test providing over 10 times more accuracy
 than the basic DNA test kit is available.  Those with serious doubts 
concerning paternity and who want a higher accuracy rate than the basic 
DNA test kit commonly use this kit.  Again, popular for those people who
 want that extra accuracy rating for peace of mind.
For those who
 simply have to have the best and are willing to pay for it, there is a 
higher accuracy rate DNA test kit available.  This enables the parties 
to obtain an impressive accuracy rate that is offered by very few labs 
in the world.  Keep in mind that DNA testing in itself is 99.999% 
accurate.  The increased costs reflect the laboratory and higher 
accuracy rate of the type of test.
Another home DNA test will include testing for the mother, 
alleged father, and child.  This will cost around $300.00.  The mother 
does not have to be tested but is recommended if she is available (the 
price is the same).  DNA paternity testing is so powerful that testing 
can be performed when the mother is not available.
Along with DNA
 paternity testing, a common use is the legal DNA test, i.e. to assist 
in matters of changing birth records, immigration issues, and 
inheritance issues.  The average cost of this legal DNA test may cost 
approximately $400.00.  The price structure of these kits depends on how
 many people are being tested.  For example, mother, father and number 
of children.  The cost to test each additional child can be anywhere 
from $150.00 to $175.00 per test.
Each DNA test kit listed above 
uses almost the exact same technique.  Tests with higher accuracy 
involve testing more regions (parts) of each persons DNA.  This extra 
work provides more information, and more accuracy – thus a higher, 
impressive accuracy rating.
With the home DNA test kit, it is 
recommended that samples be taken and sent to the lab within two weeks 
of each other (for best results).  Samples have been tested up to 1 year
 old with positive results.
There are no age restrictions with 
DNA paternity testing.  It used to be common procedure that only people 
over the age of 6 months could be tested.  This was mainly due to the 
difficulty of drawing blood from small infants.  In addition, a large 
sample, usually two big tubes of blood, was required. This would be very
 difficult on a small child.  This is no longer the case.  In fact, for 
paternity and custody issues, DNA testing can be done using buccal 
(cheek) swabs or umbilical cord blood collected at birth can be used and
 does allow for rapid and reliable testing regardless of age.  Since the
 DNA is the same in every cell of the body, the accuracy of testing 
performed on cheek cells collected with a swab is the same as using the 
blood. The sample is collected by using a buccal swab and gently 
massaging the inside of the mouth.  DNA can be extracted from this 
sample. This procedure is non-invasive and painless.  This is the method
 used by the home DNA test kit. 
However, DNA paternity testing 
only requires a few drops of blood (1/4 to 1/2 a teaspoon), or cheek 
cells collected by swabbing the mouth. This small amount of blood, or 
cheek swab, permits the easier testing of newborns and infants.  Being 
that DNA is set at conception, a paternity test can be performed before 
the child is born, through Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS) or 
Amniocentesis.
DNA Paternity testing can also be performed using 
post-mortem specimens collected by the coroner's office.  A paternity 
test can be done when that person is deceased or missing by 
reconstructing his/her DNA patterns with samples from the deceased's 
biological relatives.
A DNA paternity test is the most accurate 
form of paternity testing possible. If the DNA patterns between the 
child and the alleged father do not match on two or more DNA probes, 
then that alleged father is 100% excluded which means he has a 0% 
probability of paternity – it is not possible that he can be the 
biological father of the child.